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Showing 1 results for Effector Proteins
Mehrdad Salehzadeh, Saeedeh Dehghanpour Farashah,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi and viruses have developed some advanced molecular mechanisms in their coevolution with their host plants that lead to plant disease. Effector molecules are such a mechanisms for plant-pathogenic fungi and viruses. Some of functional proteins produced to various pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, nematodes and bacteria, affect the nucleus of host cells and in the nucleus, the effector proteins are able to manipulate protein transcription or modify the metabolism pathways of the host cell thus increasing pathogenicity. Some effectors also influence the packing of histones thus changing the configuration of chromatin. Furthermore, microbial effectors may directly activate transcription or change the host transcription factors acting on regulatory molecules and the nuclear translocation of effector may lead to expression of host resistance genes and affect the processes of plant resistance and immunity. In this review article we try to explain the mechanism of some pathogenicity effectors in Plant-pathogenic fungi (Oomycetes, biotrophic fungi, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic parasites and mycorrhiza fungi) and viruses how they affect pathogenicity in detail
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