Biodiversity ensures the existence of every ecosystem. Among the levels of biodiversity, genetic diversity, as raw material for breeding, has gained more attention in agricultural societies, scope of which is considered as a durability index of productivity. Genetic resources constitute the foundation of modern agriculture and are necessary for attaining food security. The hazard of loss of genetic resources first came into the attention of scientists in middle of twentieth century, followed by universal implements to protect these valuable reservoirs. However, breeding methods per se restrict genetic base and cause genetic vulnerability against unfavorable environmental conditions and biotic stresses. On the other hand, high potential existing in genetic resources, as repository of precious characteristics, has remained unutilized. The advent of genetic engineering modified many concepts in various domains including genetic resources. Having the capacity to pass the limiting borders, this technology is promising to make concealed potential of genetic resources free and enhance germplasm. Genetic engineering targets and harnesses harmful pests, conserving the useful organisms. This technology has prevented the soil erosion through encouraging the farmers to adopt conservation agriculture methods in different countries leading to biodiversity conservation of the soil. Having in mind the valuable attainments of genetic engineering in food production and security and great revolution expected by this technology in future, it may be stated that human being has entered a new era of supplying his basic necessities.